May 23, 2025

Essential Bookkeeping Terms Every Business Owner Should Know

Essential Bookkeeping Terms Every Business Owner Should Know
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Essential Bookkeeping Terms Every Business Owner Should Know

Bookkeeping doesn’t have to be overwhelming—but if you’ve ever found yourself nodding along in a meeting while quietly Googling “what is accounts receivable?” you’re not alone.

Understanding key bookkeeping terms empowers you to make smarter decisions, communicate clearly with your accountant or bookkeeper, and stay in control of your business finances.

Here’s a breakdown of the most essential bookkeeping terms every business owner should know—no accounting degree required.

1. Accounts Payable (AP)

Money your business owes to vendors or suppliers for products or services received. Think: bills you need to pay.
Example: That outstanding invoice from your graphic designer? It’s in your accounts payable.

2. Accounts Receivable (AR)

Money owed to your business by customers or clients. Invoices you’ve sent but haven’t been paid yet fall into this category.
Example: You’ve completed a project and invoiced your client, but they haven’t paid yet—it’s AR until they do.

3. Assets

Everything your business owns that has value—cash, inventory, equipment, even intellectual property.
Types include:

  • Current Assets: Cash or anything you’ll convert to cash within a year
  • Fixed Assets: Long-term investments like machinery or real estate

4. Liabilities

Everything your business owes—loans, credit card balances, unpaid bills, or taxes due.
Types include:

  • Current Liabilities: Due within the year
  • Long-Term Liabilities: Due in more than one year

5. Equity

The value of your ownership in the business, calculated as:
Assets - Liabilities = Equity
Also referred to as “owner’s equity” or “net worth.”

6. Revenue

The total income your business earns from sales of products or services—before any expenses are deducted.
Also called: Gross Income or Sales

7. Expenses

The costs of doing business. These include things like rent, software, utilities, subscriptions, and payroll.
Pro tip: Categorize expenses accurately to make tax time easier and more efficient.

8. Profit & Loss Statement (P&L)

A financial report that shows your revenue, expenses, and profit over a period of time. Also known as an income statement.
It answers: “Is my business making money?”

9. Cash Flow

The movement of money in and out of your business. You can be profitable and still struggle if cash isn’t flowing smoothly.
Understanding cash flow helps you plan for future expenses and avoid surprises.

10. General Ledger

The complete record of all financial transactions in your business. It’s the backbone of your bookkeeping system.
Your reports (like P&L or balance sheet) are pulled from this ledger.

11. Chart of Accounts (COA)

A categorized list of every type of account your business tracks—assets, liabilities, revenue, and expenses.
It keeps everything organized and easy to manage.

12. Reconciliation

The process of comparing your bookkeeping records with your bank or credit card statements to make sure everything matches up.
Done monthly, it helps catch errors, missed entries, or potential fraud.

Final Thoughts

Understanding basic bookkeeping terms gives you the confidence to manage your business finances, communicate with your financial team, and grow with intention.

You don’t have to become a bookkeeper—but knowing the language helps you lead like a pro.

Need help with your bookkeeping? We’re here for you.
Whether you have questions or want to see if we’re the right fit, let’s start a conversation.

Need help? Let’s talk.
We say “need help,” but we don’t want to leave you hanging. Whether you’ve got questions, want to learn more about what we do, or just want to see if we’re the right fit for your business—we’re here for you.

👉 Reach out here, give us a call at (877) 972-9284, or email us at info@shbsusa.com. Let’s start a conversation.

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